Kniha: Calcaneal Fracture - Jiří Stehlík; Jan Štulík

2. ANATOMY

2.1. Bone anathomy

2.2. Topographical anatomy

• Lateral surface

• Medial surface

• Inferior surface

2.2.1. Topographic notes

2.2.2. Anatomical spaces

2.2.3. Anatomical relations

2.3. Pathoanatomy of fractures

2.3.1. Intra-articular fractures

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2.3.2. Extra-articular fractures .

3. DIAGNOSTICS ~

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3.1. Case history I. .... . . . '. .......

3.2. Clinical examination 1/.'. . . .

3.3. Radiographic diagnosis . . .'

3.3.1. Conventional radiographic

examination

• Intra-articular structures

• Extra-articular structures

• Landmarks and angles

• Internal structure

3.3.2. Classic tomography

3.3.3. Computed tomographic scanning

• CT scanning

• CT scan of fracture

3.3.4. Options of radiographic evaluation of

bone structures in individual projections

4. CLASSIFICATIONS

4.1. Classifications Based on Conventional

Radiographs

4.1.1. Böhler classification

4.1.2. Watson-Jones classification

4.1.3. Essex-Lopresti classification

4.1.4. Warrick and Bremner classification....

4.1.5. Rowe classification

4.1.6. Wondrák classification

4.1.7. Soeur and Remy classification

4.1.8. McReynolds classification

4.1.9. Ross and Sowerby classification

4.2. Classifications based on computed tomography

scanning

4.2.1. Zwipp classification

4.2.2. Crosby and Fitzgibbons classification ...

4.2.3. Sanders classification

4.2.4. Eastwood classification

4.3. Authors' own classification

5. THERAPY

5.1. Monoperative treatment

5.1.1. History

5.1J.2. Present state of the art

5.2. Operative treatment

5.2U. History

5.2.2. Present state of the art

• Lateral surgical approach (Palmer) . . .

• Medial surgical approach

(McReynolds)

• Bone defect

• Cartilage damage

5.2.3. Postoperative treatment

6. AUTHORS' OWN OPERATIVE METHOD

6.1. Diagnosis

6.2. Indication

6.2.1. Aim of the method

6.2.2. Technical equipment

6.3. Operative technique

6.4. Postoperative treatment

6.5. Group of patients

6.6. Evaluation

6.7. Results

6.8. Discussion

7. COMPLICATIONS

7.1. Complications caused by trauma

7.1.1. Soft tissue injuries

7.1.2. Complicated and non-standard

types of fractures

7.2. Iatrogenous causes

7.2.1. Wrong indication

7.2.2. Unsuitable method

7.2.3. Lack of knowledge of the method . .

7.3. Early complications

7.3.1. Compartment syndrome

7.3.2. Acute infection

7.4. Late complications

7.4.1. Algoneurodystrophic syndrome. . . .

7.4.2. Healing in displacement

7.4.3. Nonunion

7.4.4. Chronic osteomyelitis

7.5. Prevention

8. COMPROMISED SOFT TISSUE HEALING

8.1. Early defects

8.1.1. Early defects caused by the impact

without bone defect

• Medial plantar flap

• Medialis pedis flap

• Lateral supramalleolar flap

• Sural flap

• Abductor flap

8.1.2. Early defects caused by the impact

in combination with a bone defect .

8.1.3. Inability to close the surgical wound

8.1.4. Postoperative wound breakdown

8.2. Late defects

8.2.1. Osteomyelitis

8.2.2. Reconstruction for unstable skin cover . . .

9. CALCANEAL FRACTURES IN CHILDREN

9.1. Incidence

9.2. Development and anatomy

9.3. Aetiology

9.4. Diagnostics

9.5. Forms of calcaneal fractures in children

and their classification

9.5.1. Acute fractures

9.5.2. Occult and fatigue fractures

9.5.3. Physeal injury to the calcaneal

apophysis

9.5.4. Dislocation in the pericalcaneal region . . .

9.6. Therapy

9.6.1. Treatment of acute fractures

of the calcaneal body

9.6.2. Treatment of fatigue fractures

and injuries to the physis

of the ossification nucleus of the tubercle .

9.6.3. Procedure recommended by the author . .

9.7. Complications and sequelae

10.CONCLUSION